含义Meaning
电极电势或电池电动势随参与物质活度(浓度、分压)的变化(能斯特,1889)。氧化态浓度增大使电势升高;涉及 H⁺ 的电对电势随 pH 变化。
How electrode potential or cell EMF depends on activities (Nernst, 1889): more oxidant raises the potential, and couples involving H⁺ depend on pH.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(Q\) | 反应商reaction quotient | 1 |
| \(n\) | 转移电子数electrons transferred | 1 |
| \(E^\circ\) | 标准电势standard potential | V |
推导Derivation
非标准条件下 \(\Delta G = \Delta G^\circ + RT\ln Q\)(反应等温式)。
Reaction isotherm \(\Delta G = \Delta G^\circ + RT\ln Q\).
代入 \(\Delta G = -nFE\)、\(\Delta G^\circ = -nFE^\circ\),两边除以 −nF。
Use ΔG = −nFE and divide by −nF.
25 °C 时 \(RT\ln10/F = 0.05916\) V,所以每 10 倍浓度变化改变 59/n mV。
At 25 °C each tenfold change shifts E by 59/n mV.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
用活度而非浓度(稀溶液可近似);只适用于可逆(平衡)电极,有净电流时还有过电势。
Use activities; applies to reversible electrodes at zero current (overpotential otherwise).
例题Worked example
Cu²⁺/Cu,[Cu²⁺] = 0.010 mol/L:E = 0.34 + 0.0296×lg 0.010 = 0.28 V。pH 计:玻璃电极电势每单位 pH 改变 59 mV。
Cu²⁺/Cu at 0.010 M: 0.28 V. A glass electrode changes 59 mV per pH unit.